EN060501A Human body Interview 1 with Interviewee 1 on the human body. Includes information on the hygiene campaigns and related issues of the mid-twentieth century Dorlig Byambajav The Oral History of Twentieth Century Mongolia 2006-05-30 en XML Male Bayad 1951 Uvs, Tes sum 060501 Byambajav Thank you very much for accepting my invitation and allowing this interview. Before we start the interview there are couple of things to clarify from you. All the information you provide in the interview, can it in 10 or 20 years in the future… Dorlig Yeah.. Byambajav … they might be used by scholars and researchers for various materials, or for stuff like TV, might be cited. Would you give us all the permission? Dorlig Yeah, I would. Byambajav Ok. Secondly, if you wish you could keep your name anonymous. And, if you wish, you could disclose your name. Dorlig There is no reason for hiding my name. Byambajav All right, now let’s start our interview. So then, you … shall we start from your life in childhood? Dorlig Ok. I was born in 1951 in Tes soum of Uvs aimag. Of Bayad ethnicity. Of noble (taij) blood. Our Bayads, in my mind, came through the Altais from a country called East Arm around 1750, came seeking refuge, they say. The rumors say that at those times, someone Alia by name, among those running, … some noyon (khan) Chimed-Ochir caught up with refugees said them to take two kids, left two kids of young age, Alia and Halia by name, with them and left. There was no any historic document, or archive at those times. That is the rumors passed from generation to generation and that I heard. They also say that ours were people of demoted (impoverished) taij origin. Demoted in general means that someone even of noble blood had no anything to become a noyon. Byambajav Meaning no political right? Dorlig Meaning lost political rights. Then I think that noyon, Chimed-Ochir by name, in general took part in the struggle against Manchu, his descendants in general lost their rights to become a noyon, lost at those times I think. (0-03-21) Then, quite a few generations went by since then. Who knows what kind of countries (ulsuud could mean also people) those people passed through. I just, three four generations of my … For example, of those two, Alia and Halia, my people originated from Alia, and probably in the sixth generation in my mind there was that person, Bazar by name. There was only one child born by that Bazar. And that was a person Myatav by name. And Myatav himself had nine children. The fifth of those nine, Tsedev, … is my father. There are seven of us. I am the second. Elder. I have one elder sister. This is about my origins, that is it, that is it briefly speaking. In 1951 when I was born, my people made their living by livestock breeding. As I think, that is when I grew to understand the world (literally, when I became conscious), there was yet no cooperatives. They did not yet started. Private livestock, that how they lived. I entered a school in 1959. Right before then, in 1958, yes in 1958. As I recall, many people came, they counted all the cattle and herds and gathered them together… And they nationalized over fifty cattle (“bod” are cow, horses and camel) and over forty sheep and goats, and we were left with thirty something, thirty five sheep, four cows with calves, total of ten cattle, oh yeah, also four horses, one camel, that is fifty heads of livestock. At those times we were very much scared from upper level organizations, of dargas (bosses). As I know, people would feel easier by giving right away anything that those people ask for. Otherwise, it might,… my father, my mother… had their uncles, most of their relatives executed, that is why I think now, they were like what they were. I recall that time very well. It was very difficult. My father and mother would say how uneasy they felt looking at their half empty stables. When early in the mornings in stables, like their feelings sad, would appear as if nothing to hurry for. I started the first class of the school number 1 of the Tes soum in 1959, in the fall. Then I graduated the seventh grade. In 1966. (0-08-02). So I graduated the seventh grade in 66 and left for hudoo (countryside, meaning to engage in livestock husbandry) And lived there. At those times I used to make ger wooden parts in the subsidiary production of the cooperative. That time of making ger wooden parts was very diffi… In my … mind there were big difficulties. We, as a matter of fact, аа … cooperatives of those times had all the livestock of herdsmen all nationalized, and would give back for herding with strict planed outputs, make people herdsmen, to take care of livestock. That is how it was. While having people breed the livestock, they would give for example 150 sheep to one family. And the person would have to fulfill the plans for 360 working days per a year. As for me at those times, there was no livestock for me to herd because all of the livestocks were taken by others. So, as there was no animal for me, I had to go to the subsidiary production of the cooperative and there were wooden parts of ger made there. For example we, two of us used to make toono (round top part) of gers. Making toono means for example, we cut growing trees. We cut, chop off the branches, do primary cleaning of a trunk and smoke it to dry. We would make a ditch in the ground, ditch in the ground, put a roof, such a sparsely spaced roof on top, would arrange the soggy, moist trunks on top, cover, put pile of dry dung underneath and smoke hot, smoke for five to seven days to dry. Then take them out, chop off again, polish to make the toono, so it would take around 15 days to make one toono for a ger. Then, no matter how hard we work we would never make more than thirty toonos per a year. That is we made only thirty toonos. Per a year. But then, the cooperative had norms (production performance plans) and the norm was 4 working days per a toono. So, if we calculate, I used to accomplish only 120 working days per a year, didn’t I? Byambajav Yeah.. Dorlig The minimum labor days one had to accomplish was 250 working days accomplished. And if you don’t accomplish this you would be sanctioned. You would be exiled to another place. With no regard to whether you wish or not, you would be sent to some other place where there are jobs, opportunities to herd a livestock. For an exile (0-12-02) But then I used to cut grass a lot in between, I used to manage to complete the [necessary] working days, just enough not to be exiled, so that is how I managed for six- seven years. So, that is how it used to be there in hudoo, lost chance to make a living. Later, in 1975, a fodder production husbandry was established in our Tes soum. Very many tractors, that is was established there by investment from the state. Our soum has great resources for hay making, in general there were over twenty thousand hectares of hay fields. So we used to irrigate those fields, by natural waters… wherever impossible we would build … a dam to irrigate, that is how we used to make hay. I started working in that fodder production, I graduated a tractor driver’s course, and became a head of hay making brigade. Why me, maybe because they thought I studied well in those courses. Engineers, technicians and administrative chiefs promoted me, as I learned. So, we were engaged in hay making, from 1976 to 80s, well 83 I worked a head of hay making brigade. In terms of hay making at those times, there was a plan of 3500 tons of hay per a brigade set up from upper bodies. And we would work day and night to fulfill that plan, to prepare those 3500 tons of hay. We would seek every tiny pot of a field to go and cut. Then the hay field gets soaked by fall rains and other waters making the tractors stuck, or other stuff like that. Challenges were many. Lots of mosquitoes. So many mosquitoes that it was difficult to breath, that’s how many of them. At first we did not consider the quality of grass, whether it was of good or poor quality, whether the weight of bundle was heavy or not, never considered anything like that. Just right away… One bundle was 20 kgs. Fifty of those bundles would make a ton. If that is one ton, we were given a responsibility of making 3500 such tons, that’s how it was. So, since that was the strict plan, we worked without any consideration of quality. As I think now. (0-16-05) If we didn’t fulfill that plan within October, we would work in November. So then, by September 1 the grass gets usually worn out. We would start the work on July 1 and worked till November. This means that almost 50 percent of the total grass was of poor quality. Although it was of great damage to the society, everything was planned from the above, which was of great harm to the society as far as I am concerned, I think now. Byambajav What kind of use that poor quality grass would make [when brought to] in other places? Dorlig To talk about, I would need quite a bit of ehr, something. I in 83, oh no. Before that, maybe in 80 … I graduated tenth grade (meaning secondary school), independently (self taught) After graduating secondary school, I successfully passed the entry exams to the university, I started it and in a while I continued it “in absentee” [kind of part time]. Once I got the rights of part time study, while studying and working at the same time, I gave up the position of a head of a hay making brigade and started working as an accountant. An accountant. In order to talk about the poor quality hay, I had to tell about my past, historic background. So, after I became an accountant, I used to go to Gobi-Altai aimag, Hovd aimag, Bayan-Ulgii aimag, and my aimag to visit all the state fodder funds in order to assess the amounts of fodder hay. Did some accounting. As for the primary level sale, say if an entity prepared twenty thousand tons of hay, the upper bodies would give a strict plan of distribution of, say, five thousand tons to Gobi-Altai aimag, three thousand tons of Hovd aimag, and etc. So, the management of the state funds would be given an order [to procure] according to those distribution plans. Like “you should bring that many tons of hey from that place.” Then, no matter good or poor quality, we would load the hay on trucks. (0-19-22) Well, there were problems in the process. The good quality hay would go to our aimag. We would as much as we could give the poor quality hay to others, Gobi-Altai aimag, Hovd aimag, Bayan-Ulgii aimag and other aimags, at least we tried. This was because there were aimag bosses on top of our soum bosses and they would have that kind of narrow perspective, and now I regret. So, I would go around aimags and do the counting and would see that although there would be the exact amounts of bundles of hay but in terms of weight in general only seventy percent would be present. Byambajav I see. Dorlig First. And, secondly, because of poor quality they would show me the same, with that thing, three, four years old hay. Even then we would forcefully get the payment for that hay and leave. So, this is what it was regarding the issues of quality and sale of hay. And then, after working as an accountant one or two years, at the same time there was a fodder production established, our fodder husbandry. Our fodder factory was established with the loan and assistance of the Soviet…, the then called as Soviet Union. I worked as its head for a year, the equipment of that factory, how would I say it, did not meet the requirements. When hay went along that conveyer belt, the grass, the crumbled grass, that should be transferred though that line, … that crumbled grain…, that salt crumbling…, the mixture technology never used to be followed. After the launch of the factory… in the first year after that, the heating system of the factory did not stand the cold of that winter. Everything has gotten frozen. We used to work in freezing cold. Frozen. (0-22-35) There was huge amount of dust created in the process of transmission of the crumbled grass, which was done by blowing, blown to some place where a mixture would be made. It was impossible to work for a human being, that is in the first year there was no labor safety, the factory was established with that kind of difficult working conditions. But then what, we had to produce that crumbled mixture fodder. That crumbler was some sort of a big machine. They say it had a capacity of producing thirty tons of crumbled fodder per a day. But it never did more than ten tons. Before anything, it would choke and stop. There was that thing we used to call shiplent, at that time, now I think it was something that would cut off in order to protect from loading up. That piece would break before anything was started. Or the roller would choke, all the holes through which [the product] is pushed through would get filled, and it would stop dead. And you know, that fodder when taken to other aimags would not meet the requirements, too. According to the technology, the composition requires straw which we would replace with, … would use, that thing, bamboo that is. And that bamboo, apparently did not meet the quality requirements of the fodder. When delivered to the end place, it would be a powder rather crumbled, would fill in all the space in stock room, something which is difficult to take or to throw out. And that thing was also forcefully given according to the distribution plans of the state. Byambajav The factory should have been built in a place with straw, shouldn’t it? Dorlig Right, it should have been built where there is straw. But our land has pretty much of natural bamboo and bulrush and that is what they were looking for, I think. Well, live in those days was strange. I tried earning my living with my hands and labor. In between, I tried to be office staff. Much later I joined the Mongolian Revolutionary party and even was member of the political bureau of the [local] party unit. Then, the difference of life on those stages is interesting. You know how I came there? (0-25-50) When I was a worker (laborer), for instance, my position as a head of hay making brigade is worker, so when I was a worker, people like me had a limit of only sixteen heads of livestock. In other words, ten sheep, four cows and two horses. It was not good if the herd grows over that limit. There is no chance to have all the meat needs covered with that size of animal. Our husbandry used to have twelve thousand heads of animal then. So, when we need meat, we would write an application to bring [to them]. Sometimes they would approve and give a permit but sometimes they would not. In general, that [permit] did not go more than one or two sheep. Much later, after a few years, when I acquired a profession of an economist, in other words, when I graduated the economics department of the agricultural institute, [actually] I became an economists before graduation, became a chief economist of the fodder husbandry. By that time I already had joined the party. Once one with a higher education joined the party, he could get the most beneficial position. That is, at those times the party membership brought great deal of respect. I became a member of the political bureau of the party unit. Since I became a member of the political bureau, since then the life totally different from the time when I was a worker. So, you go on working and come home by mid-day, you find a sheep already brought and strangled next to your ger. The deputy head of the administration would decide the time when we need to have a sheep. So, he would make a distribution list and just give us. There would be sheep delivered whenever we run out of meat. This kind of thing (perks). The same good supply was also regarding firewood and other stuff like that. They would just deliver right away. Then there used to be such a sharp difference in living between laborers and bosses. When you think of that now, you recall that in earlier times the… her, ideology used to propagate that the rich and noyons exploited the sweat and force of the poor. (0-28-57) In the essence of the matter, those bosses during the socialist time themselves were without their comprehension in the position of those noyons of the earlier times. That is how it was then. The life in rural parts was very interesting (rather means strange) at those times. When I was a child, our family naturally lived in a ger. This oven came when I was around 8 years of age, when I entered the school. Before then, they say that there used to be just an open tulga (hearth). I recall that too. Byambajav I see.. Dorlig When we had an open hearth, for instance when I was a little kid, elder families still lived with that open hearth. You enter that kind of ger and there would be soot all over along a sort of fiber, from the top to the bottom. You enter and would not see anyone in that ger. So you sit down, quite a bit down, only then you would see how many people and what kind of people are there in the ger. Difficult like that. In order to let the smoke out, they would have holes along lower walls. Even in the midst of the freezing cold of the three nines (traditional winter periods) and the air coming through those wall holes would blow the smoke through the toono (top window) …, so that only with that kind of wind blow there is a chance to have a little bit of air. Our family, my father’s family, had a stove and a pipe ever since I was eight, and that was a kind of a revolution (laughs). Life… Byambajav Others exactly at that time, when you were a kid… Dorlig Yeah. Byambajav what the clothing looked like? Dorlig As for clothing, in general rural life is very difficult. But ours was not like that. (0-31-52) Our family would wear fur [lined] deel in winter times. The fur with a fabric on top. And each one of us had two or three clothing to wear. That is for me personally. Others were not like that. There was no fabric to use. They would make a deel out of just a processed sheep fell (skin?). And that deel would be three four years old and black in color although it is white when newly made. It gets as black as a blackboard on which you write. So people wear that kind of black deels. As for boots, you process goat skin, and use zos. Zos is a natural dye. There was no dye to choose from. We only used that zos. So the died (sp?) goat skin would be the outer part. Inside we would clump with a hand made felt inside and stitch all the way through (entire sole), that is how they would make a boot. And that would get worn out. Holes would appear on ankles, holes on soles. There would be lots of kids with their toes showing. I saw lots of that kind of kids while in school. Oh, yes, there was also the so-called cultural campaign at that time. [More literally, the term translated here as "campaign" is "attack," but "campaign" better reflects the process. CK] Cultural campaign is some kind of a campaign that took place when I was a kid. Culture was to be introduced to each family. Each should have blankets. There also should be a sanitary corner. Requirements like that were imposed forcefully from above. People could not afford each and single one of that required stuffs. This is from one side. On the other side there was another difficulty. People at that time were…, let me tell one example. My father was an agent (means sale person). My father being an agent means that he would get all the sale products from the supply unit according to the list and is responsible for distribution of the goods to people, herdsmen. For the price. So, within that cultural campaign there would be piles of soap coming. Washing soap. Byambajav Yeah. Dorlig When the laundry soap arrives, it needs to be distributed to each family according to the limits and the payments need to be collected. (0-35-17) So, it is distributed for a price, people would get them. After getting people would leave but would get on the other side and would throw them out into a ditch. Because there was no thing like doing laundry. There was no interest. There was nothing they knew about it. There was nothing like living nice without being dirty. Byambajav No understanding. Dorlig No understanding. They used to the way they lived, those people. In a sense, when you think from nowadays, they are like half wild. Byambajav Did they think that was a bad thing? Dorlig In a sense, who knows what they thought of the soap. When asked why they did that, they say what would they do with it. Later, there was something else. Before that there was the so-called cultural campaign. And things have improved a little bit. Even then, when I was in school, that is in 61-61 I was in dormitory. Kids were like, they were difficult, how would I say, it is awkward to say… Byambajav You just say. Dorlig Can I say? Byambajav If you don’t mind … Dorlig The kids at those time had lice. Lots of lice. There were no chances to change cloths. Even when there are chances to bath, kids used to run away of that. Byambajav Why? Dorlig Just like that. Like that … Byambajav Was there something like the fortune would disappear? Dorlig Sort of, but as for me I didn’t hear them saying that the fortune would disappear, never heard. That is how it was. On that issue of soap, now, (laughs) people later were like this. (0-37-19) Then, there, that thing. There was a big thing happening, a party policy on improvement of the food supply of the population, by the state and under a plan. And each organization and cooperative started to grow potatoes and other vegetables. Started to grow potatoes and food vegetables, somehow, whether successful or not, and then they did not harvest to a satisfactory level. Could not. Ehr, plans were not fulfilled then. Surely there were plans given. But then there was no way to sell the harvest. Because people did not learn to consume veggies. (laughs) One truckload of potatoes was taken for distribution among the herders, but there would not be a herder who would want it. When it is forced on them to buy, they would pay but then go and through it out. That’s how it was. Now all, rural herders all learnt how to use potatoes and other vegetables. But even then, they didn’t yet learn. There are some people. There some people, some households that live on mostly use meat and flour, and diary products. Byambajav How was it when you first tried vegetables? Dorlig When we first started eating vegetables I was in the forth grade, in general in 1963, in the forth grade when I was living in a dormitory that is when I started eating vegetables. It tasted very good to me. Other kids used to pour out and empty their plates when given a vegetable soup. I used to regret that they poured it out and used to consume my own. From the outset, I liked vegetables. In countryside in general, … when in dormitory for years, for quite very long, only after that some kids learned. Byambajav When people used that tulga, open oven, what was the food like then, I mean, your household, and households of others, how they were different? What it was like then? Dorlig At the time of tulga… Once I visited a family, Badgara, I recall. That elder was seventy then when I was eight. (0-40-24) They had tulga as oven. Then, … stalls were like… Ours, unlike others, used to have a special barrack type built where winter food stock was prepared. Byambajav Ok. Dorlig Then, meat … our bayads call it meat yard (hashaa). Then Badgar the elder went on saying like, that you build a yard for livestock and not for meat. Well, for winter food they usually slaughter a bod (cow, horse or camel). And you put it in a basket (arag – basket for collecting dung. It is made of bush branches and usually is carried on a back of shoulders) in your ger. It will stay frozen in the ger. You chop off a piece, put a cauldron on the tulga, and boil the piece in it. Precisely like this. So, you have a big arag in your ger, put a frozen meat in it, for the whole winter, that is how they prepared food in the Badgaa’s household. This was something I had never seen before. My father knows about that kind of things very well. I think there were quite a few families like that at that time. But my father’s family was different. The winter stock of meat was stored in a separate special building and we used to bring meat from there as we needed. Byambajav From the time of the cultural campaign and after it there were quite a reforms regarding the food, feeding, and clothing, what and how things were changing to your observation? Dorlig Things were improving, in quite a sense, during the cultural campaign. Before it baked goods were very scarce. Then in our soum people themselves used to grow crops. They all used to grow barley only then. Byambajav Before the cultural campaign? Dorlig Before and during, too. They grew crops and then the barley was made into barley dough (flour is fried first and then mixed with boiled water or tea and butter) In general, there was not such thing as wheat. It was rare that some people individually made just a bit of it. Each household was given two kilograms of it. At those time, that thing, that flour was brought from so called Viisk, a camelcade used to be sent to bring it, unloaded on the soum (0-43-26), and from the soum it used to be distributed to herders kilo by kilo. Byambajav I see. What exactly the year was it? Dorlig That was since around fifties, … As I know since fifties, since fifties to sixties. As I was born in 51, I don’t know well how it was before then. Simply … Byambajav Good became more available only since sixties? Dorlig Well after sixties, … it became more or less better since 65. In other words, this so called Baruunturuun kolhoz started to be established around sixties. That was established as a crop … kolhoz, and then a flourmill was created in Ulaangom, and since then the flour supply started improving. Just like that, supply was created then. This state of supply continued till 90. Up till 90. In other words, between sixty to ninety it was more or less all right in terms of grocery goods. In 90 that thing, you know well. Ehr, … during the period of society,… one society was being replaced by another society, there was a period of shortage of goods and products… It’s interesting (meaning strange) in countryside. There were no cars and vehicles at all when I was a kid. I was probably six or seven. In that year of establishment of a cooperative … What happened is that, in that year, people would be gathered at my father’s, at my folks place, gathered together and would hold a meeting. They would meet for a week. They would meet, and ask are there any people to become a member of cooperative. People, they would not volunteer. They would meet again after, the next day. Some one, Chimed by name, I gather he was a secretary of the aimag party committee, later on he became chair of the inspection, of the aimag inspection committee, when he retired. At that time when I was a kid, this Chimed came in his 69 [Russian jeep] he used to have then, in his D-69. As I recall now. It appeared it was a D-69. that was the first time I’ve seen a car. When that man came to hold that meeting for a week … (0-46-31) I entered that car, rode a short distance around the meeting place, they actually wanted to visit a family close by to have a tea but that didn’t’ happen. Then they called me and allowed to sit [in the vehicle]. Why, like, ground on your side looked round, really like … Byambajav Like moving? Dorlig Looked like moving. Then, that was an event I memorized for good in my minds. When the vehicle was gone, there was that very clear trace of it left on the grass, in the mud there was a trace of that vehicle. All that summer I was fascinated by that trek, and kept dreaming to meet… to sit in that kind of a vehicle. That’s how I spent that summer. (laughs) Byambajav Before then everything was done using a horse, done with camel. Is it how it was? Dorlig With horse. All transportation matters were handled with horses. And, loading facilities were handled with camel, also cattle, bulls were used, too. Rarely, they were used. Mostly with camel, mostly did that thing. Camel, right before the nationalization in a cooperative, in general, there were nice camels in our land. But after nationalization, not every family would have a camel. Then one had to take camel from the cooperative to be used for that thing, for load and transportation. Cooperative camel, camel became later, in three four years after the establishment of a cooperative, a … joke, a caricature or something of that sort. So unfed, weak. Thin. [No] care or bred, nothing more than keeping the number only. Then, no moving around to keep the balance in watering and pasturing them, just keeping. Then in winter, all the cooperative work is done using camel. And they would injure their backs, tear off their noses. All in all, in three four years camel in our soum was something of pity. As for sheep, a family was not just like following the herd (0-49-33) One sheep was to produce eight liters of milk, in other words, if a family had 150 mother sheep having lamb during the season, that family is imposed a plan of 1,200 liters of milk. So, with a plan of 1200 liters of milk, you used to bring the milk to a special mill. As for cows, … all the mother cows with calves would be given for care of some individual families, all such families are joined into a diary, diary farm, and the mill would spin the milk to produce sour cream. Again, the cream would be taken to a cream factory where butter was made, that is what the thing was like. Then, even for sheep that follows pasture and moves around, even for sheep there was a plan for milk production. Also. Another set of norms was like some certain kgs of curds could replace that much of milk, that many kgs of diary butter would stand for that much of milk, etc. Most of the people did not fulfill those norms. Most did not. They could not. They from one side want to bring up healthy lambs. Once you care for lambs, you have to feed them well with mother’s milk. Lambs have to have their milk. The set from the above norms, on the other hand, have to be fulfilled. So, in this case, people had to milk sheep incompletely, that is why they only half fulfilled those norms. Then the fifty percent, the remaining fifty percent, in other words, 600 liters of the norm of 1200, 1600 liters of mild were covered by yogurt, … curds and butter, and then the unfulfilled 600 liters of milk were calculated in market prices and subtracted from your salary. Byambajav Gosh. Dorlig And later, … after deductions from your salary, in the fall [the cooperative] used to count the lamb and weigh… weigh and count for the books. They used to count only lambs over twenty kilograms. There was a special lamb shepherd for taking care of them. Those lambs weighing less than that would be left with the family. Byambajav As sheep? Dorlig The herder would have to take care of them. The herder would take care and the next years … in the spring when it is one year old, it would be handed over to another, next herder (0-52-57) It was very difficult then, at that time. Those animal that are left with the herder are those that require regular, constant additional fodder, that kind of animal is left. So, you see how herders were left in a very difficult situation between the milk production on one hand and lamb weight on the other. Byambajav Interesting. Dorlig Yeah. At those times, there was that really strange thing called erroneous policies. I myself joined the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party in 1979. Then they would do that from the above. They would hold state census of animal. And when the time comes for the state livestock census, the country development goal of the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party, our annual planned goals required that the major indicator was achievements in the plan to increase livestock. So, when the livestock census came, when livestock census was, … if some one is a member of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party had to keep in mind the leadership of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and was expected to increase the livestock. Increase the livestock, they used to say. So, we were not left with other options than, keeping in mind the party leadership, to report one or two extra heads of animal for the counting. Then by the 15th of December, when the census was over, when January begins, they would say that a member of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party must not have flaws [in performance]. So when they say that, I who had a norm of sixteen heads of livestock, for the sake of the leadership of the party, had to record seventeen or eighteen heads, and then in two months I would be blamed for breaches and would face two more heads of animal to be nationalized again.